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"The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Nation’s River, by U.S. Department of the Interior. The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Nation’s River, by United States Department of the Interior This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: The Nation’s River The Department of the Interior Official Report on the Potomac Author: United States Department of the Interior Commentator: Stewart L. Udall, Kenneth Holum and James J. O’Donnell Release Date: February 2, 2007 [EBook #20503] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE NATION’S RIVER *** Produced by Mark C. Orton, Janet Blenkinship and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net -1- The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Nation’s River, by U.S. Department of the Interior. [Pg 1] THE NATION’S RIVER A report on the Potomac from the U.S. Department of the Interior, with recommendations for action by the Federal Interdepartmental Task Force on the Potomac. [Pg 2] LETTERS OF TRANSMITTAL -2- The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Nation’s River, by U.S. Department of the Interior. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY—WASHINGTON, D.C. 20240 October 1, 1968 Dear Mr. President The enclosed report, The Nation’s River, is submitted in response to your February 8, 1965, request that we prepare a program for your consideration which would assure that the Potomac would serve as a model of scenic and recreation values for the entire country. This is the final report of your Potomac planning team. In my opinion, the study contributes significantly to a more complete understanding of both the opportunities and the problems of this magnificent river. The proposed program of action, when implemented, will move the area a long step forward toward the challenging goals identified in your directive. Your call for a broadly based conservation plan for the Potomac has stimulated a wide range of useful actions by citizens’ groups and by the Federal, State and local governments during the course of our studies. While these are too numerous to recite, the participation and involvement of citizens in decisions affecting the future of the Basin are most promising and deserve recognition and encouragement. Our recommendations for action cover three broad aspects: ... those related to present and future water resource problems in the Basin; ... those related to the protection and restoration of the Basin’s scenic and natural assets; ... those to ensure that future planning and action will proceed in a wise and coordinated manner. I call particular attention to the following recommendations: ... to protect the mainstem Potomac River and its banks from Washington to Cumberland, Maryland, and to make it accessible to the public, the report calls for prompt legislative authorization, funding and establishment of a Potomac National River consisting of Federal, State and local components. The proposed legislation to establish the Potomac National River which you sent to the Congress on March 6, 1968, and which was introduced as S. 3157, is based on the new and exciting concept that the urgent objectives of Potomac River conservation can and should be accomplished through cooperative action by all levels of government; ... to achieve the water-quality goals established as State standards, the report recommends coordination of Federal, State and local powers to achieve the waste treatment measures required, within five years, and effective action toward meeting similar requirements in handling wastes at all Federal establishments in the Basin. It calls, also, for immediate reconvening of the 1957 Enforcement Conference on the Potomac to focus attention on the timetables for controlling pollution in the estuary; ... to provide a measure of drought insurance, the report calls for early completion of Bloomington Dam and Reservoir; -3- The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Nation’s River, by U.S. Department of the Interior. ... to meet growing needs for municipal and industrial water to achieve anticipated economic growth in upstream areas, the report identified six reservoirs which are consistent with other aspects of the report. The river management afforded by operation of the reservoirs could also meet the water supply needs of the Washington metropolitan area for at least 20 years. The report urges continuing research and study of alternative sources for the metropolitan area supply, including use of the upper estuary to meet critical short-term demands; ... to assure continuity of comprehensive planning and management, the [Pg 3]report recognizes the need to mobilize the skills and authorities of all levels of government and support therefore by alert and informed citizens and citizen groups. The Governors of the Basin States and the District of Columbia have proposed a Federal-Interstate Compact for the Potomac and arranged to have a draft prepared by the Potomac River Basin Advisory Committee. The Water Resources Council will continue to work with the States in this effort—anticipating that proposals will emerge which merit both State and Federal support. Your assignment, Mr. President, has been exciting and challenging. We hope that our effort has contributed to achieving your dreams for this magnificent valley. Respectfully yours, Stewart L. Udall Secretary of the Interior The President The White House Washington, D.C. Enclosure UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY—WASHINGTON, D.C. 20240 October 1, 1968 Dear Mr. Secretary: Since early February 1965, when President Johnson asked you to develop a program which would make the Potomac "a model of scenic and recreation values", there has been a continuing joint effort to achieve this exciting objective. -4- The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Nation’s River, by U.S. Department of the Interior. The Interdepartmental Task Force, which you and your fellow Cabinet officers established, has coordinated the Federal effort. When the four Basin State Governors and the Commissioner of the District of Columbia acted to establish the Potomac River Basin Advisory Committee, we had a genuine opportunity to achieve useful and effective Federal-State cooperative relationships. As you know, our two groups have worked together in a cordial and productive way. We have listened carefully to the views of individual citizens and citizen groups in a real effort to sense the needs and aspirations of the people who live in the valley and the millions who visit our Nation’s Capital and the historic and beautiful Potomac valley. Publication of an Interim Report two years ago proved to be a useful means for obtaining citizen participation. This report summarizes a series of studies made in response to the President’s directive. Although it is our final report, we urge that it be looked upon as the next step in a continuing plan[Pg 4]ning process. It points to action to meet present and near-term needs and to the desirability of continued planning to provide sound bases for the further resource-use decisions which citizens of the Basin will be called upon to make as those decisions become more timely. The body of the report is a Department of the Interior document, couched whenever possible in nontechnical language in the hope that it may find a wide lay readership. The program for action, which constitutes the final chapter, is concurred in by the Federal agencies on the Interdepartmental Task Force. Comments of the Potomac River Basin Advisory Committee are set forth in the attached letter from its Chairman, Mr. James J. O’Donnell. Responsibility for leadership in proceeding with the proposed actions is identified, as appropriate, to specific Federal agencies, States or local governmental entities. Other reports have been or will be issued which form integral parts of this endeavor. These include the following: Potomac Interim Report to the President—January 1966 ... The Creek and The City—Urban Pressures on a Natural Stream—Rock Creek Park and Metropolitan Washington—January 1967 ... The Potomac—The Report of the Potomac Planning Task Force—Assembled by the American Institute of Architects—September 1967 ... Report of the Chief of Engineers, United States Army Corps of Engineers, Potomac River Basin, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, and the District of Columbia (This report, now in the process of official review, will provide a basis for action on water supply and related matters.) In addition to the published documents, each of the four Sub-Task Forces established by the Interdepartmental Task Force prepared reports which constituted invaluable working documents on several aspects of Potomac Basin planning. These include the following: Report of the Water Supply and Flood Control Sub-Task Force ... Report of the Water Quality Sub-Task Force ... Report of the Sedimentation and Erosion Sub-Task Force ... Report of the Recreation and Landscape Sub-Task Force. Copies of these working documents will be distributed to concerned local, State and Federal agencies and will be on file in those offices. -5- The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Nation’s River, by U.S. Department of the Interior. You will note particularly that the attached report emphasizes the urgent need for a continuing and broadly based planning effort. If we are to fully achieve the objective of making the Potomac a model, and we must, resource planning and management must mobilize the authorities and the skills of the Federal Government, the States, the local jurisdictions and the citizens. I am convinced that the Potomac Basin needs: ... an alert, active, basinwide citizen organization with the perspective to see the area’s total needs and the determination to make certain that action is taken to meet those requirements; ... a formally established relationship between the various levels of government to continue comprehensive planning—and to make certain that action at all levels is consistent with the established objectives. Sincerely yours, Kenneth Holum Assistant Secretary Honorable Stewart L. Udall, Secretary Department of the Interior Washington, D.C. 20240 Enclosure [Pg 5] POTOMAC RIVER BASIN ADVISORY COMMITTEE 1025 VERMONT AVENUE, N.W., WASHINGTON, D.C. 20005 MARYLAND PENNSYLVANIA VIRGINIA WEST VIRGINIA DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA September 15, 1968 Dear Mr. Holum, The Potomac River Basin Advisory Committee was pleased to have the opportunity to review the recommendations compiled by the Federal Interdepartmental Task Force for inclusion in the forthcoming Report to the President. These recommendations represent the culmination of intensive studies in the areas of water supply and flood control, water quality, sedimentation and erosion, and landscape and recreation. As such, they are of the utmost significance to the people of the Potomac River Basin. We note in particular that the recommendations -6- The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Nation’s River, by U.S. Department of the Interior. (a) Highlight today’s most pressing problems and propose feasible solutions; (b) Recognize the interrelationship of the separate needs of the urban and rural areas of the Basin, and propose action by federal, state and local governments; (c) Specifically consider the economic growth of the Basin in relation to water resources development; and (d) Emphasize the need for an intergovernmental organization, along the lines of the proposed Potomac River Basin Compact, which would have continuing responsibilities for the planning and development of the Potomac River Basin. During the past two years the Advisory Committee has focused attention on preparation of a draft of a proposed interstate-federal compact which has been submitted to the governments and the people within the Potomac River Basin for comment. We believe that an interstate-federal agency for the planning, development and management of the Potomac, envisaged by the Compact, offers by far the most promising opportunity for the people of the Basin to guide the water resources development of the Potomac, and for the implementation of many of the Report’s recommendations. The Advisory Committee wishes to commend the Federal Interdepartmental Task Force for the constructive and imaginative manner in which this difficult assignment has been carried out. The Committee wishes also to thank you for the opportunity of being associated with the work of the Task Force through our state observers. As representatives of Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia and the District of Columbia, we shall recommend that our heads of government, the legislatures, and the state and local agencies accord the most careful consideration to this report. Sincerely yours, James J. O’Donnell, Chairman Potomac River Basin Advisory Committee Honorable Kenneth Holum Assistant Secretary Department of the Interior Washington, D.C. 20240 [Pg 6] [Pg 7] -7- The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Nation’s River, by U.S. Department of the Interior. CONTENTS THE RIVER IN TIME I THE WAY THINGS ARE II TOWARD A MORE USEFUL RIVER III THE CLEANSING OF THE WATERS IV 8 15 23 39 65 93 105 A GOOD PLACE TO BE V COMPLEXITIES AND PRIORITIES VI THE NATION’S RIVER—AN ACTION PLAN Transcriber’s Note: Obvious printer errors have been corrected. All other inconsistencies are as in the original. [Pg 8] -8- The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Nation’s River, by U.S. Department of the Interior. THE RIVER IN TIME Time, abetted by man and nature, has changed the face of the Nation’s River. Nature’s rains, snows, ice and floods continually carve the shores. Man, also, changes the Potomac through man-made fills, walls, docks, bridges and piers. The arbitrary changes by man and nature have reached the point where careful planning and consideration must be given to the river’s future in order to preserve its majestic beauty as The Nation’s River. [Pg 9] -9- The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Nation’s River, by U.S. Department of the Interior. 1830 [Pg 10] - 10 - The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Nation’s River, by U.S. Department of the Interior. [Pg 11] 1936 Flood scene - 11 - The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Nation’s River, by U.S. Department of the Interior. Civil War Chain Bridge Early 1900—canoeists near Seneca, Md. [Pg 12] - 12 - The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Nation’s River, by U.S. Department of the Interior. 1917 Washington Waterfront [Pg 13] - 13 - The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Nation’s River, by U.S. Department of the Interior. Washington Waterfront today [Pg 14] POTOMAC RIVER BASIN [Pg 15] - 14 - The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Nation’s River, by U.S. Department of the Interior. I. THE WAY THINGS ARE With good reason, people sometimes claim that the Potomac has been studied more often and more thoroughly than any other American stream. Its intimacy with the national capital at Washington and with great figures and events of our history have centered much American interest on it. In many ways it is a classic Eastern river, copious and scenic, that drains some 15,000 square miles of varied, historic, and often striking landscape, from the green mountains along the Allegheny Front to the sultry lowlands of the estuary’s shores where the earliest plantations were established among the Indian tribes. It has tributaries large and small whose names echo with connotations for American ears—the Shenandoah, the Monocacy, the Saint Mary’s, Antietam Creek, Bull Run.... And it has long been the subject for debate and discussion over how it may best be handled to serve man’s ends, for in common with other rivers in civilized regions it has developed problems of pollution, of landscape destruction, of occasional floods, of impending shortages of water for its basin’s increasing population. Out of the debates have emerged studies and plans, some fragmentary and some whole, some specialized and some general. This present report concerns the latest study, made under the leadership of Secretary of the Interior Stewart L. Udall according to a directive given him by President Johnson in 1965. The report is "final" only in that it sums up this study. It is by no means final in terms of the Potomac, for it points toward future action and continuing study and planning, and an important part of its function will be to show why a degree of inconclu[Pg 16a]siveness in such matters is necessary and desirable. Within a remarkably few years after Captain John Smith sailed up the Potomac estuary in 1608 to assess its treasures and to make the acquaintance of the Algonquian tribesmen whose villages flourished on either shore, other vigorous white men came there to stay, on both the Maryland and Virginia sides. In the century that followed they raced and leapfrogged one another upriver, elbowing the Indians out, and with the aid of indentured labor and later of African slaves they helped to shape the Tidewater tobacco civilization that engendered so many future leaders of the American republic. Near the head of navigation, shipping centers grew up—among them Alexandria and Georgetown, forerunners of the metropolis that bestrides the river at the Fall Line today. Above there in the upper Piedmont, and then across the Blue Ridge in the Great Valley, the westering waves of migrant English met other waves of Scotch-Irish and the Germans coming down from Pennsylvania, and before the American Revolution the combined breeds of men had built up enough pressure to push Indians almost entirely out of the Potomac Basin and to occupy all the good farmland, even in the Basin’s ridged western areas. Since then their successors have used the land for farming and for other purposes. In using it they have changed it, and the changes have registered in the river system that drains it. For land, water, vegetation, wildlife, minerals, and men’s habits are not separable from one another in the natural frame. So that if[Pg 16b] the early planters, using methods of hoe tillage scarcely less primitive than those of the Indians, mined the Tidewater soils for tobacco production in a way that required new fields every few years, one result was that those soils tired and thinned and finally stopped supporting the social magnificence that had grown up there, for production and prosperity moved inland and west. And another result was that the Potomac estuary itself grew shallower and different with the silt that washed down off the land, and many a tributary bay that once served as harbor for oceangoing ships is now a rich, reedy marsh with a single narrow gut of shoal water wandering down across it to the Potomac. - 15 - The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Nation’s River, by U.S. Department of the Interior. And if later generations of men cut down the forests on the mountains in the western Basin, and fire followed the cutting, thousands of years of soil washed down from those slopes too to change both mountains and river, and elk and panther vanished. And if along the Potomac’s North Branch there was once a fine coal boom, there is now the boom’s legacy in the form of gray dour towns and dark sad streams corrosive with mine acids. And if old Alexandria and Georgetown and all the land around them have burgeoned into one of the nation’s great cities, there has been a price to pay for that also. The stately upper estuary on which they front is often turbid with silt and sometimes emerald green with algae nourished on sewage and other septic riches, and the hills stretching back from the river are spiky with tall buildings linked by urban and suburban clutter, where life[Pg 1..."

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