Ontario Teachers' Manuals: Nature Study by Ontario. Ministry of Education (pdf document) free file download at fliiby.com

"The Project Gutenberg eBook of Ontario Teachers’ Manuals, Nature Study. The Project Gutenberg EBook of Ontario Teachers’ Manuals: Nature Study, by Ontario Ministry of Education This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net Title: Ontario Teachers’ Manuals: Nature Study Author: Ontario Ministry of Education Release Date: July 28, 2008 [EBook #26139] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ONTARIO TEACHERS’ MANUALS: NATURE *** Produced by Suzanne Lybarger, Josephine Paolucci and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net. (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries.) ONTARIO TEACHERS’ MANUALS NATURE STUDY AUTHORIZED BY THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION TORONTO THE RYERSON PRESS Copyright, Canada, 1915, by The Minister of Education for Ontario Second Printing, 1918 Third Printing, 1923 Fourth Printing, 1924 [Pg iii] -1- The Project Gutenberg eBook of Ontario Teachers’ Manuals, Nature Study. CONTENTS Page Prefatory Note Course of Study—Details Chapter I The Aims of Nature Study; General Methods Concrete Material Topics and material must suit the season; matter suited to the child; use of the commonplace; order of development of lesson; problems in observation; note-books and records The School Garden Suggestions; Garden Expenses The Excursion Its value; difficulties; frequency; suggestions for ungraded schools; the teacher’s excursions; a type excursion Collections Animal Studies Domestic animals; references Birds; references Insects; insect collections Butterfly and moth collections Plant Collections Chapter II Physical Science Phase of Nature Study Instructions and General Method Value of such lessons; conditions under which experiments should be performed Correlations of physical science phase List of Reference Books and Bulletins on garden and plant study, physical science, and animal study Physical Science—Equipment for Forms III and IV 42 42 42 44 45 47 13 15 15 19 20 23 23 29 29 29 30 34 37 39 1 3 -2- The Project Gutenberg eBook of Ontario Teachers’ Manuals, Nature Study. [Pg iv] Desirable apparatus Chemicals Apparatus Grenet cells; decomposition apparatus; pneumatic trough; spirit-lamp; barometer; hygrometer; hints Time Apportioned to Nature Study Chapter III. Form I: Autumn Garden Work Lessons on a Garden Plant—Pansy Observation Exercises on the Dandelion Correlation with literature and reading Dwarf Nasturtium Seeds Field exercise; class-room lesson based on the collection Seed Dispersal Lesson on seeds that fly; correlations Twigs and Buds Lesson on Twigs Further study of twigs; review lesson Lesson on Buds Review lesson; correlations Leaves Field exercises; class-room lesson on leaves Garden Studies Studies in the Pupil’s individual Plot Studies from the Garden as a Whole Bulb Planting Lesson on Bulbs and Bulb Planting Planting the bulb 54 55 57 59 59 60 60 61 62 62 62 63 65 65 66 66 68 68 69 69 69 70 47 48 50 50 53 -3- The Project Gutenberg eBook of Ontario Teachers’ Manuals, Nature Study. Chapter IV. Form I: Winter Pet Animals The Rabbit—Lesson on; correlations The Domestic Cat—detailed study The Pigeon—detailed study Winter-blooming Plants—Observation and care of Trees Pines of the Locality The White Pine Field exercises; class-room lesson The Elm—field exercise Domestic Animals The Horse; correlations Domestic Birds [Pg v] The Duck—class-room lesson Chapter V. Form I: Spring Garden Work Garden Studies—window garden Wild Flowers Recognition of Wild Flowers Lesson in Outline—Bloodroot; correlations Insect Study Cecropia, or Emperor-moth Dragon-fly Other Conspicuous Insects Birds The Robin Field exercises; the nest, eggs, and young The Song-sparrow 87 88 90 91 91 93 93 94 95 95 96 96 97 85 72 72 75 76 78 79 79 79 79 82 83 83 85 -4- The Project Gutenberg eBook of Ontario Teachers’ Manuals, Nature Study. Field exercises; class-room lesson The Sheep Problems for Field Work Chapter VI. Form II: Autumn Bulb Planting Out-of-Doors Bed for growing bulbs; planting of bulbs indoors Garden Work Seed selection; storing seeds; harvesting and storing of garden crops; class-room lesson; autumn cultivation Garden Studies Garden Records; correlations Climbing Plants Trees Storing of Tree Seeds A Flower Type—Nasturtium Soil Studies Kinds of Soil Animal Studies Bird Migration; correlations Common Wild Animals General method for field work The Wood-chuck The Chipmunk—field exercises The Eastern Swallow-tail Butterfly Chapter VII. Form II: Winter Care of Plants in the Home Trees Collection of Wood Specimens Related Reading 97 99 99 101 101 103 103 106 107 108 109 110 110 110 112 112 113 113 114 114 116 117 118 120 121 122 122 -5- The Project Gutenberg eBook of Ontario Teachers’ Manuals, Nature Study. The Dog Class-room lesson; observation exercises; correlations Lessons Involving Comparison Cat and dog; experiments for assisting in the study of the cat; comparison of the horse and cow The Squirrel Field exercises; class-room lesson Winter Birds Field exercises; class-room lesson; correlations Animals of the Zoological Gardens Chapter VIII. Form II: Spring Garden Work Combating Garden Pests Cutworms; root-maggots; flea-beetles Seed Germination Plants for Individual Plots Studies Based on Observations of Growing Plants Planting and care of sweet-peas Wild Flowers Weeds The Apple Tree Field exercise; class-room lesson; field exercise following class-room lesson Bird Study The Toad Field exercises; class-room lesson; detailed study; life history of the toad The Earthworm Class-room lesson; references The Aquarium Aquarium Specimens Mosquito; study of adult form; the development; references 123 123 125 126 129 129 130 130 132 133 134 134 135 137 137 138 139 140 141 141 143 143 143 147 148 149 150 150 -6- The Project Gutenberg eBook of Ontario Teachers’ Manuals, Nature Study. Caddice-fly [Pg vii] Insects Suitable for Lessons in Form II Chapter IX. Form III: Autumn Garden Work Treatment of Fungi Treatment of Insects—cabbage-worm Plants Annuals, Biennials, and Perennials Class-room lesson Garden Studies Annuals, biennials, perennials Special Study of Garden Plants Sweet-pea; pumpkin; corn; correlations Seed Dispersal—Lesson Detailed Study of Seed Dispersal—class-room lesson Seed collections; man as a disperser of seeds The Sugar Maple—field exercises Maple Leaves—class-room lesson; correlations Weed Studies Observation lesson on weed seeds Grasshopper—field exercises; class-room lesson Aphides Tomato Worm—the adult; the chrysalis The Crow; correlations Chapter X. Form III: Winter Care of Plants in the Home Plant Cuttings Selection of cuttings; potting of rooted cuttings Evergreens—class-room lesson 152 153 154 154 156 158 158 158 159 159 160 160 164 165 166 168 169 170 171 172 174 175 177 178 179 179 181 -7- The Project Gutenberg eBook of Ontario Teachers’ Manuals, Nature Study. Collection of Wood Specimens Related Reading How Animals Prepare for Winter Summary of Lessons; correlations Chickens Conversation lesson; arithmetic lesson; care and food of chickens Physical Science Phase of Nature Study Solids, Liquids, and Gases Change of State Expansion of Solids Practical applications; questions for further investigation [Pg viii] Expansion of Liquids—applications The Thermometer Expansion of Air Sources of Heat and Light Notes for a Series of Lessons Conduction—problems Convection—problems, convection in gases; applications Radiation of Heat—problems Chapter XI. Form III: Spring Window Boxes Window Gardens Suitable Plants; Fertilizer Soil Studies—constituents Garden Work Tree Seeds Transplanting—flowers, vegetables, tree seedlings Budding Cuttings—leaf cuttings, root cuttings, layering 182 183 183 184 185 185 188 188 189 189 190 192 193 194 194 194 196 198 199 201 201 202 203 206 207 208 209 211 -8- The Project Gutenberg eBook of Ontario Teachers’ Manuals, Nature Study. Planting and Care of Herbaceous Perennials Garden Studies—biennials Wild Flowers Study of the Trillium Class-room lesson on the specimens Adaptations of Animals Bird Types Woodpeckers—the downy woodpecker; observations Flycatchers Wrens Insect Types Cabbage-butterfly Tussock-moth Potato beetle References Fish—Observations; problems; references Chapter XII. Form IV: Autumn Garden Work Herbaceous Perennials from Seed Trees—Deciduous; references Trees in Relation to their Environment Fruits—Excursion to a well-kept orchard Small Fruits [Pg ix] Autumn Wild Flowers—Milkweed; correlations Trees—The White Pine Outline of a class-room lesson on the white pine; correlations; references Apples—Comparative Lesson on Winter Varieties King, Baldwin, Northern Spy Codling moth; references 212 212 213 213 213 215 217 217 219 219 220 220 221 222 222 223 225 226 227 228 229 230 230 232 235 239 239 240 -9- The Project Gutenberg eBook of Ontario Teachers’ Manuals, Nature Study. Some Common Animal Forms; references Centipeds and millipeds Salamanders or newts Spiders Bird Studies Chapter XIII. Form IV: Winter Forest Trees Evergreens; Wood Specimens Fruits Weeds and Weed Seeds Physical Science Phase of Nature Study Water Pressure—exercises Study of Air The barometer; the common pump; expansive force of air; composition of air; oxygen; carbon dioxide; impurities of air Solutions of Solids Solutions of Liquids Solutions of Gases Limestone Carbon Hydrogen Magnets Electricity Steam Farm tools—machines; problems Chapter XIV. Form IV: Spring Method of Improving Home and School Grounds Making and Care of a Lawn; References Soil Studies Weight 242 243 243 244 245 246 246 247 248 248 248 249 250 255 256 256 256 257 258 258 259 260 260 263 264 265 265 - 10 - The Project Gutenberg eBook of Ontario Teachers’ Manuals, Nature Study. Subsoils Fertilizers—experiments Soil-forming Agents Tilling the Soil [Pg x] Garden Work—experiments in plots out-of-doors Function of Parts of Plants How the plant gets its food from the soil; germination of some of the common grains Weeds Vines Wild Flowers Planting of Trees, Shrubs, and Herbaceous Perennials in Home and School Grounds Shade trees; transplanting Animal Studies Scale Insects San José scale; oyster-shell bark-louse; cutworms; white grubs Crayfish Freshwater Mussel Bird Study Different Aspects of Nature Study 266 268 268 269 270 273 274 278 279 279 280 281 283 283 283 285 286 287 288 [Pg 1] PREFATORY NOTE This Manual is placed in the hands of the teachers in the hope that the suggestions which it contains on lesson topics, materials, books of reference, and methods in teaching will be found helpful to all teachers and in particular to those who have had little or no instruction in Nature Study during their academic or professional training. The first Chapter of the Manual discusses topics which have general reference to the subject as a whole. The remaining part of the Manual deals more particularly with the subject in its application to the different Public and Separate School Forms. While this division of the matter into Forms is - 11 - The Project Gutenberg eBook of Ontario Teachers’ Manuals, Nature Study. convenient for general classification, it is not to be regarded as arbitrary. Materials and methods of presentation suitable for one class of pupils in a certain Form might, under different conditions, be quite unsuitable for another class of pupils in the same Form. For example, work which would be suitable for a class in Form I made up of pupils admitted to a school at seven or eight years of age, after two years’ training in a kindergarten where nature lessons received special attention, would not be suitable for a Form I class made up of pupils admitted to a school at five years of age with no such previous training. In selecting work for any class the teacher, therefore, should not be guided solely by the arbitrary divisions of the Manual, but should exercise his own judgment, taking into account his environment and the attainments of his pupils. To facilitate such a selection, page references are given in the details of the Course of Study, which in reality forms a detailed expansion of the Public and Separate School Course in Nature Study. By means of these references, the teacher may find, in any department of the subject, typical matter suited to the development of his pupils.[Pg 2] The numerous type lessons that are contained in the Manual are intended to suggest principles of method that are to be applied in lessons upon the same and similar topics, but the teacher is cautioned against attempting to imitate these lessons. This error can be avoided by the teacher’s careful preparation of the lesson. This preparation should include the careful study of the concrete materials that are to be used. The books, bulletins, etc., that are named in the Manual as references will be found helpful. To facilitate teaching through the experimental and investigation methods, special attention has been given to the improvising of simple apparatus from materials within the reach of every teacher. From the character of the subject the Course of Study must be more or less elastic, and the topics detailed in the programme are intended to be suggestive rather than prescriptive. It may be that, owing to local conditions, topics not named are among the best that can be used, but all substitutions and changes should be made a subject of consultation with the Inspector. The treatment of the subject must always be suited to the age and experience of the pupils, to the seasons of the year, accessibility of materials, etc. Notes should not be dictated by the teacher. Mere information, whether from book, written note, or teacher, is not Nature Study. The acquisition of knowledge must be made secondary to awakening and maintaining the pupil’s interest in nature and to training him to habits of observation and investigation. As a guide to the minimum of work required, it is suggested that at least one lesson be taught from the subjects outlined under each general heading in the detailed Course of Study, with a minimum average of three lessons from the subjects under each general heading. [Pg 3] PUBLIC AND SEPARATE SCHOOL - 12 - The Project Gutenberg eBook of Ontario Teachers’ Manuals, Nature Study. COURSE OF STUDY DETAILS FORM I AUTUMN Garden Work and Garden Studies: Division of the garden plots, removal of weeds and observations on these weeds, identification of garden plants, observation lessons based on garden plants, selection of seeds, harvesting and disposing of the crop. (See pp. 54-9.) Study of Plants: Class lessons based on a flowering garden plant, as pansy, aster, nasturtium; study of a field plant, as buttercup, goldenrod, dandelion. (See pp. 55-9.) Potted and garden plants: Observation lesson based on a bulb; planting bulbs in pots, or in the garden. (See pp. 69-71.) Birds and Conspicuous Insects: Identification of a few common birds, as robin, English sparrow, meadow-lark; observation lessons on the habits of these birds; collection of the adult forms, the larvæ and the cocoons of a few common moths and butterflies, as emperor-moth, promothea moth, eastern swallow-tail butterfly. (See pp. 30-9 and 93-8.)[Pg 4] Common Trees: Identification of a few common trees, as white pine, elm, maple; observations on the general shape, branches, leaves, and bark of these trees. (See pp. 62-7 and 79-82.) WINTER Farm Animals, including Fowls: Habits and characteristics of a few domestic animals, as horse, cow, sheep, hen, duck; the uses of these animals, and how to take care of them. (See pp. 83-6.) Pet Animals: Observations on the habits, movements, and characteristics of pet animals, as cat, pigeon, bantam, rabbit, etc.; conversations about the natural homes and habits of these animals, and inferences upon their care. (See pp. 72-7.) Common Trees: - 13 - The Project Gutenberg eBook of Ontario Teachers’ Manuals, Nature Study. Observations on the branching of common trees. (See pp. 79-82.) SPRING Garden Work: Preparation, planting, and care of the garden plot; observations on the growing plants. (See pp. 87-90.) Flowers: Identification and study of a few spring flowers, as trillium, bloodroot, hepatica, spring-beauty. (See pp. 90-2.)[Pg 5] Birds and Insects: Identification and study of the habits of a few common birds, as song-sparrow, blue-bird, wren; observations of the form and habits of a few common insects, as house-fly, dragon-fly. (See pp. 30-3 and 93-9.) Common Trees: Observations on the opening buds of the trees which were studied in the Autumn. (See p. 65.) FORM II AUTUMN Birds and Insects: Autumn migration of birds; identification and observations on the habits and movements of a few common insects, including their larval forms, as grasshopper, eastern swallow-tail butterfly. (See pp. 113-4 and 118-9.) Animals of the Farm, Field, and Wood: Observations on the homes and habits of wild animals, as frog, toad, squirrel, ground-hog; habits and structures, including adaptive features, of domestic animals, as dog, cat, horse, cow. (See pp. 83 and 123-30.) Trees of the Farm, Roadside, Wood, and Orchard: Observations on the shapes, sizes, rate of growth, and usefulness of common orchard, shade, and forest trees, as apple, elm, horse-chestnut. (See pp. 109-10.)[Pg 6] Wild Flowers and Weeds: Identification and study of a few common weeds, noting their means of persistence and dispersal. (See pp. 139-40.) - 14 - The Project Gutenberg eBook of Ontario Teachers’ Manuals, Nature Study. Care of Potted and Garden Plants: Preparation of pots and garden beds for bulbs; selecting and storing garden seeds; observations on the habits of climbing plants, and application of the knowledge gained to the care required for these plants. (See pp. 101-9 and 120.) WINTER Birds: Identification of winter birds and study of their means of protection and of obtaining food. (See pp. 130-2.) Animals of the Farm: Comparative study of the horse and cow, of the dog and cat, and of the duck and hen. (See pp. 123-8.) Animals of the Park and Zoological Garden: Observations on the general structural features, noting the natural adaptations of such animals as bear, lion, deer, tiger, etc. (See p. 132.) Trees: Winter study of trees, noting buds, branches, and foliage of spruce, cedar, horse-chestnut, etc. (See pp. 121-3.) SPRING Birds and Insects: Observations on the structure, adaptations and[Pg 7] development of insect larvæ kept in an aquarium, as larva of mosquito, dragon-fly, caddice-fly; spring migration of birds. (See pp. 149-153.) Animals of the Field and Woods: Observations on the forms, homes, habits, and foods of wild animals, continued. (See pp. 114-8, 143-9.) Orchard Trees: The buds and blossoms of apple, and cherry or plum, observed through the stages up to fruit formation. (See pp. 141-3.) Experiments in the Germination of Seeds: - 15 - The Project Gutenberg eBook of Ontario Teachers’ Manuals, Nature Study. Germination of seeds and general observations on the stages of development; testing the conditions required for seed germination; introductory exercises in soil study as a preparation for seed planting. (See pp. 133-8 and 112-3.) Wild Flowers and Weeds: Field and class-room study of marsh marigold, Jack-in-the-pulpit, violet, etc. (See pp. 139-40.) FORM III AUTUMN Birds and Insects: Observations on the habits and the ravages of common noxious insects, as cabbage-worm, grasshopper, tussock-moth, etc.; discussion of means of checking these insects. (See pp. 156-7 and 172-7.) Farm and wild Animals of the Locality: Field study and class-room lessons on the habits and struc..."

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