"The Project Gutenberg eBook of Orthography, by Elmer W. Cavins
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Title: Orthography As Outlined in the State Course of Study for Illinois Author: Elmer W. Cavins Release Date: November 7, 2007 [EBook #23395] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ORTHOGRAPHY ***
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ORTHOGRAPHY AS OUTLINED IN THE STATE COURSE OF STUDY FOR ILLINOIS.
SEVENTH AND EIGHTH YEARS. BY ELMER W. CAVINS, TEACHER OF ORTHOGRAPHY IN ILLINOIS STATE NORMAL UNIVERSITY. INTRODUCTION BY DR. EDWIN C. HEWETT. SECOND EDITION—JANUARY, 1906. PUBLISHED BY C. M. PARKER, TAYLORVILLE, ILLINOIS.
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Orthography, by Elmer W. Cavins
Copyright, 1904, by C. M. Parker.
PREFACE.
This book is prepared for teachers and pupils who use the Illinois State Course of Study. The outline in Orthography for the Seventh and Eighth Years is the basis of all that is included herein. Three fifths or more of this work is word analysis which, valuable as it is, teachers as a rule are unable to teach without the aid of a text, never having learned much of it themselves. What, for example, can the average teacher unaided do toward writing a list of words to be analyzed which contain the root ann, meaning year? He might turn in the dictionary to annual, anniversary, and annuity, but he must fall back on his acquired knowledge for such as, biennial, centennial, millennium, perennial, and superannuate. And having the list, very many teachers, as well as pupils, need help in the analysis. The aim of this book has been to set down in an orderly and convenient form such facts as are needed by those who follow the State Course of Study. Emphasis has been placed upon word analysis. The author believes that this has more value in education than is generally attributed to it. When Mr. Kennedy named his work on word analysis “What Words Say”, he gave it the best possible title. Composite words have a wealth of meaning; each syllable is significant. And, as a rule, only to those who can read this significance does the word yield its full meaning. Accuracy is the mark of a scholar. Accuracy in speech and in the understanding of speech cannot be attained by those whose knowledge of words is vague and general. Pupils should early learn how to interpret what words say, and to discriminate carefully in the use of words, for these are the tools which they are to use in all the various departments for acquiring knowledge. Normal, Ill., Aug. 30, 1904. E. W. Cavins.
INTRODUCTION[4] BY DR. EDWIN C. HEWETT.
I have long thought that the careful, discriminating study of words is much neglected in our schools. And I am glad to approve, and help to forward, anything that will promote such a study. Not only will such a study improve a person’s language greatly, but it will, at the same time, do much to improve the clearness and precision of his thinking; thought and language have a reciprocal effect. If a child, while young, can be made to be interested in words themselves,—their origin, their exact meaning, their relations to each other and some of the changes in their meaning which result from their use,—he will be likely to retain that interest through life; it will be more likely to increase than to diminish.
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Orthography, by Elmer W. Cavins
It seems often to be assumed that a student can do nothing profitably with the study of words made up from Greek and Latin roots till he has acquired some mastery of those languages. But I know from experience and much observation that this is not true. Why should it be? Must one master Greek and Latin before he can understand that, in English words, graph means write; ge means earth; phone means sound; cur means run; fin means limit; port means carry, etc.? And then having learned the meaning of the prefixes and suffixes, is it preposterous to train him to know the[5] etymological significance of a few hundred words by showing him how they are built up? Of course, we know that many words in common use have shades of meaning quite different from, and in some cases almost opposite to, their literal significance. But will not the student be better able to understand these derived meanings by knowing their literal significance than in any other way? At any rate, I am fully persuaded that such a study of words as this book proposes can be made very profitable to those pupils for whose use it is prepared. The teacher will find, however, that the teaching of this subject will require much careful labor on his part. The mere learning of the meaning of prefixes and suffixes and of the roots themselves, with the brief remarks on the meaning of some of the words, will need to be supplemented by a careful mastery of it all on his part. And to this must be added much thought of his own, together with careful research in the great dictionaries. But to the earnest and intelligent teacher, such thought and research will yield very rich fruit in his own thinking, and in his use of English speech. I cheerfully commend the book as a move in the right direction; and as adapted, in my opinion, to do much to supply a serious lack in the present work of the schools. Normal, Ill., Aug. 18, 1904. E. C. H.
SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS.[6]
1. From the lists given in this book omit such words as in your opinion are beyond the vocabulary of your pupils. 2. All words given for the first month’s work are either defined or illustrated below the lists. This is done to help make clear the method of showing their literal significance. Further along in each year’s work only the most difficult words are explained. Insist that pupils in every case where it is possible define or illustrate so as to show the literal meaning, else much of the value of the study is lost. And, moreover, the ordinary, or current meaning, where it differs from the literal, should be given. Very many of the words have various uses. Thorough work requires that these be illustrated. This necessitates a free use of the dictionary. It is strongly urged that the pupils (with the aid of the teacher when necessary) try to find an appropriate sentence to illustrate each word and write the same in an orderly way in a note book for the purpose.
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Orthography, by Elmer W. Cavins
In work of this kind a teacher should not underrate the value of reviews. By this means fix facts on the minds of your pupils, especially the meanings of roots and prefixes. Since these meanings are given in a single word, reviews may proceed rapidly. One convenient method of recitation in this subject is to send pupils to the blackboard without their books, assign them by turns words to be analyzed according to the examples given under “Directions to Pupils”, and then let each pupil read to the class what he has written on the board.
DIRECTIONS TO PUPILS.[7]
Given in the seventh and eighth years’ work of the State Course of Study are 45 prefixes, 64 roots, and 33 suffixes,—in all 142 elements or component parts of words. In this book a list of words is furnished to illustrate each element, the average number of words in each list being about eleven, and the total number of different words analyzed, or partially analyzed, is over 1200. TO ANALYZE A WORD. 1. Name its component parts—root, prefix, and suffix—and give the literal meaning of each. 2. Combine these meanings in a definition, supplying additional words if necessary, to make the sense complete. In exceptional cases, however, the exact literal meanings of the parts cannot be put together in a good definition. One or more of the parts must then be omitted entirely, or represented by words which are not exactly literal. 3. Give an illustration of the use of the word. (Caution: Carefully distinguish verbs, adjectives and nouns. Do not define adjectives as nouns or verbs, or vice versa. Do not, for illustration, say audible is that which can be heard; but rather say audible means capable of being heard.) EXAMPLES. avert: (1) a, away + vert, turn. (2) To turn away; to ward off. (3) The evils which exist are necessary to avert greater evils. deify: (1) dei, god + fy, to make. (2) To make a god of; to praise and revere as if a deity. (3) The people of India deify the Ganges River.
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Orthography, by Elmer W. Cavins
hostile:
(1) host, enemy + ile, belonging to.[8] (2) Belonging to or having the characteristics of an enemy. (3) Yon tower which rears its head so high invites the hostile winds.
portable:
(1) port, carry + able, capable of. (2) capable of being carried or moved from place to place; not stationary. (3) A portable photograph gallery stopped for three days at the cross-roads near my home.
benefactor:
(1) bene, good + fact, make, do + or, one who. (2) One who does good; especially one who makes a charitable donation. (3) “He is a true benefactor and alone worthy of honor who brings comfort where before was wretchedness, who dries the tear of sorrow.”
A careful study of the five examples given above will reveal that to analyze words a pupil must— 1. Learn some facts—meanings of the component parts of words. 2. Be careful in putting these facts together to make a sensible definition. 3. Use the dictionary to find the ordinary, or current, use of a word. 4. Gather illustrations. This is not easy, but it should not be neglected, for it is the most practical feature of word analysis. Pupils should help each other, and the teacher may contribute when his help is needed. One good illustration for a difficult word might suffice the entire class.[9]
PART ONE
Word Analysis. SEVENTH YEAR.
FIRST MONTH. a, ab, abs = from, away.
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Orthography, by Elmer W. Cavins
1. a vert, turn 2. ab brevi ate, short 3. ab duct, lead 4. ab ject, cast 5. ab lut ion, wash
6. ab origin es, beginning 7. ab rupt, break 8. ab sorb, suck in 9. ab solve, loosen 10. ab use, use.
2. To shorten, to take from; to make briefer. 3. To lead away; to carry off by force; to kidnap. 4. An abject person is one sunk to low condition (as if cast from the society of others). 5. An ablution is a washing or cleansing; especially a religious rite. 6. The inhabitants of a country from the beginning. The earliest inhabitants of which anything is known. 7. Broken or appearing as if broken away or off; as an abrupt cliff. 8. To suck up; to drink in. A brick will absorb a pint of water. 9. To loosen or set free, as from some duty or obligation 10. To divert from the proper use; to misuse. ambi, (amphi) = both, on both sides, around. 1. ambi dextr ous, right hand 2. ambi ti on, go 3. amphi bi ous, life 4. amphi theatre, view.[10]
1. Having skill with both hands (as if both were right hands). 2. A going around or about, as of a candidate soliciting votes; eager for favors; strongly desirous. 3. Living both on land and in water. Frogs, turtles, crocodiles, seals, otters, and beavers are amphibious. 4. An amphitheatre is a building built circular so that spectators may view a performance from both sides or from all around. bene = well, good.
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Orthography, by Elmer W. Cavins
1. bene dict ion, speak 2. bene fact ion, do 3. bene fact or, one who 4. bene fic ent, do 5. bene fic ial, pertaining to
6. bene fit, do 7. bene vol ent, will 8. beni gn, (genus) kind 9. beni gn ant, being 10. nota bene, note
1. The act of speaking well to or of; a blessing pronounced at the close of divine service. 2. The act of doing good; making a charitable donation. 4. Doing or effecting good; performing acts of kindness. 5. Pertaining to what does good, is useful or profitable. 6. A good deed done; an act of kindness. 7. Willing to do good; well-wishing; charitable. 8. Good and kind of heart; expressive of gentleness or kindness. Literally, of a good kind. 9. Being kind and gracious. 10. Note well; observe carefully; take notice. Usually abbreviated to N. B. circum = around. 1. circum fer ence, carry 2. circum flex, bend 3. circum locut ion, speak 4. circum navig ate, sail 5. circum scribe, write, draw 6. circum spect, look 7. circum sta nce, stand 8. circum vent, come.
1. Think the circumference in the process of making;[11] carry the crayon around the circle to produce the circumference. 2. A bending around; a wave or bend of the voice embracing both a rise and a fall on the same syllable. 3. The act of speaking in a round about way; particularly a studied indirectness or evasiveness of speech. 4. The act of sailing around; especially the earth or globe.
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Orthography, by Elmer W. Cavins
5. To draw a bounding line round; hence to mark out the limits of. 6. Looking around on all sides; examining carefully. 7. That which attends or relates to (stands around, as it were,) an event, a person or a thing. 8. To circumvent one in any enterprise is to come around in an unexpected way for the purpose of gaining an advantage. contra, (contro, counter) = against 1. contra dict, speak 2. contra vene, come 3. contra st, stand 4. counter act, do 5. counter balance, scales 6. contro versy, turn
1. To speak against; to assert the opposite of. 2. To come against; to oppose. 3. To stand against; to set in opposition to, as two or more objects of a like kind with a view to showing their difference. 4. To act against; to do what hinders. 5. To weigh against with equal weight; equal weight, power or influence acting in opposition to. 6. A turning against; debate, contention. ann = year. 1. annu al, relating to 2. anni vers ary, turn 3. annu ity, that which 4. bi ennial, two 5. cent ennial, hundred 6. mille nnium, thousand 7. per ennial, through 8. super annuate, beyond
1. Relating to a year; yearly.[12] 2. That day which returns once a year commemorating some event. 3. A stated sum of money payable yearly. 4. Happening once in two years; lasting two years.
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Orthography, by Elmer W. Cavins
5. Consisting of or lasting a hundred years. Happening every hundred years. 6. A period or interval of a thousand years. 7. Throughout the year; lasting, perpetual. 8. Condition of being beyond the years of active service; impaired or disabled by length of years. art = skill. 1. art ist, one who 2. arti fic ial, make 3. artist ic, relating to 4. art less, without
1. One who is skilled or adept in any of the fine arts. 2. Produced or made by art or skill rather than by nature. 3. Relating to skill in any field. 4. Without skill; especially without skill in fraud or deceit. aster, (astr) = star. 1. aster isk, little 2. aster oid, form 5. dis aster, apart 1. Literally, a little star; a mark like a star used to refer to a note in the margin. 2. Formed like a star. 3. One who speaks about the stars; one who foretells events by the stars, or interprets the supposed influence of the stars. 4. The science which treats of the distribution, arrangement and size of heavenly bodies (stars). 5. An unfavorable aspect of a star or planet, hence an ill portent, a calamity.[13] aud = hear. 1. aud ible, capable of 2. audit ory, pertaining to 3. audit ors, those who 4. in audible, not 3. astr olog er, speak. 4. astr onomy, distribute
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Orthography, by Elmer W. Cavins
1. Capable of being heard. 2. Pertaining to the hearing, or the sense of hearing. 3. Those who hear; people who assemble for the purpose of hearing music or discourse. 4. Not capable of being heard; indistinct. SECOND MONTH. dis (dif) = apart, from, away. 1. dis burse, purse 2. dis cord, heart 3. dis cuss, shake 4. dif fer, bear 5. dif fuse, pour 6. dis loc ate, place 7. dis miss, send 8. dis pel, drive 9. dis pose, put 10. dis rupt, break 11. dis sect, cut 12. dis tend, stretch
1. To disburse money is to pay it out (from one’s purse). 2. (Literally, hearts apart.) Want of harmony; not agreeing in opinion, or in action. 3. The discussion of a question shakes it apart, for a more thorough examination. 4. When two minds differ, one bears in one direction, the other in another, and thus they bear apart. They do not agree. 5. To pour out and cause to spread apart, as a fluid; to circulate; to scatter. 6. To place apart or out of proper position. 7. To dismiss a congregation is to send the people (or allow them to go) apart to their homes. 8. To dispel fear is to drive it away. 9. To dispose of property is to part with it (put it apart from one). 10. Rocks are disrupted when broken apart. 11. To dissect the eye of an ox is to cut it apart, for the purpose of examination.[14] 12. To distend is to stretch apart or spread in all directions; to dilate, to expand.
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Orthography, by Elmer W. Cavins
extra = beyond. 1. Extra ordin ary, order, rule (ary, relating to). Relating to what is beyond or out of the common rule or order; exceptional, unusual. 2. Extra vag ant, wander (ant, ing). Wandering beyond bounds or out of the regular course; excessive. inter = between, among, through. 1. inter cede, go 2. inter cept, take 3. inter course, run 4. inter ject ion, throw 5. inter lop er, run 6. inter mingle, mix 7. inter pose, place 8. inter rogate, ask 9. inter sect, cut 10. inter val, wall 11. inter vene, come 12. inter view, see
1. To go between parties for the purpose of reconciling those who differ; to plead in favor of another. 2. To seize or take between the starting point and destination; as to intercept a letter or messenger. 3. Frequent or habitual meeting or contact of one person with another (a running between, to and fro). 4. An interjection is a word thrown in between other words to express emotion or feeling. 5. An interloper is one who runs in between two parties to get the advantage which one would obtain from the other. One who intercepts and buys a basket of eggs between a farmer’s wagon and a grocery store would, from the standpoint of the merchant, be an interloper. 6. To mix between or together. 7. To protect the eyes from a strong light interpose (place between the eyes and light) a shade. 8. To interrogate is to question. (The questions come between the answers.)[15] 9. One line intersects another when it cuts through it, or between its parts. 10. An interval is an open space or stretch between things or limits. Formerly it meant a space between walls. 11. To come between persons, things, or events.
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Orthography, by Elmer W. Cavins
12. A mutual exchange of views between two or more people. non = not, un. The prefix non- may be joined to the leading word by means of a hyphen, or, in most cases, the hyphen may be dispensed with. 1. noncommittal 2. non compos mentis 3. nonconductor 4. nondescript 5. nonentity 6. nonessential 7. nonpareil 8. non-payment 9. nonplus 10. non-resident 11. nonsense 12. nonsuit
2. Com, with + pos, power + mentis, of mind. Literally, not with power of mind. Not of sound mind; not capable, mentally, of managing one’s own affairs. 4. That which has not been described; difficult to describe; new, novel, odd. 5. Entity means thing or being; hence a nonentity is no thing or nothing. Often applied to a person or thing which counts for little or nothing. 9. Plus means more. Literally, a person is nonplused when he can do no more, or go no further; puzzled, confounded, embarrassed. (It seems unnecessary to append definitions or illustrations to other words of the above list.) per = through, thoroughly, by. 1. per ambul ate, walk 2. per ceive, take ..."
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