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"TE AM FL Y About the Author Arthur Griffith has been involved with the development of compilers, interpreters, linkers, and assemblers since his first programming job in 1977, where he worked as a team member developing an assembler and linker for special-purpose computers. He then joined the maintenance group for a compiler of the PL/EXUS language, which had an underlying structure very similar to GCC. The next project was to write an interactive interpreter and compiler for a language named SATS. The projects that followed these included the development of a Forth interpreter, extensions to a COBOL compiler, and the development of some special-purpose interpretive languages for machine control. One of these was an interactive command language providing multistation ground-based control of industrial satellite communications systems. For the past few years, Arthur Griffith has turned to writing computer books, teaching programming online, and developing some software in Java. The programming books he has written range from Java, XML, and Jaxp to COBOL for Dummies. He has used GCC for many software-development projects, and with the inclusion of Java as one of the GCC languages, writing this book became his project of choice. GCC: The Complete Reference Arthur Griffith McGraw-Hill/Osborne New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-HIll Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 0-07-222816-4 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-222405-3 All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. 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Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hill’s prior consent. You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is strictly prohibited. Your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms. THE WORK IS PROVIDED “AS IS”. McGRAW-HILL AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUDING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. 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For more information about this title, click here. Contents at a Glance Part I The Free Software Compiler 1 2 Introduction to GCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquiring and Installing the Compiler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Part II Using the Compiler Collection 3 17 3 4 5 6 7 8 The Preprocessor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Compiling C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Compiling C++ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Compiling Objective-C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Compiling Fortran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Compiling Java . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 67 103 125 137 157 vii Copyright 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of Use. viii GCC: The Complete Reference 9 10 11 Compiling Ada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mixing Languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Internationalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Part III Peripherals and Internals 183 215 243 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Linking and Libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Using the GNU Debugger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Make and Autoconf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The GNU Assembler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cross Compiling and the Windows Ports . . . . . . . . . . . Embedded Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Output from the Compiler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Implementing a Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Register Transfer Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Machine-Specific Compiler Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Part IV Appendixes 259 281 299 317 337 347 357 371 387 419 A B C D GNU General Public License . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Environment Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Command-Line Cross Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Command-Line Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493 501 505 515 599 E Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . For more information about this title, click here. Contents Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Part I The Free Software Compiler xix xxi 1 Introduction to GCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GNU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Measuring a Compiler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Command-Line Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Platforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . What the Compiler Does . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C Is the Fundamental Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C++ Was the First Addition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Objective-C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fortran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Java . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4 4 5 6 7 8 9 9 9 9 10 Copyright 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of Use. ix x GCC: The Complete Reference Ada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Chill Is Gone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Parts List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Contact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 10 11 15 2 Acquiring and Installing the Compiler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Binary Download . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FTP Source Download . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CVS Source Download . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Previous Releases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Experimental Version . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Compiling and Installing GCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Installation Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Configuration Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The binutils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Win32 Binary Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cygwin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Running the Test Suite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 18 20 21 23 23 24 24 26 36 38 38 39 40 TE Using the Compiler Collection 3 The Preprocessor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Directives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #define . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #error and #warning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #if, #elif, #else, and #endif . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #ifdef, #else, and #endif . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #include . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #include_next . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #pragma and _Pragma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #undef . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ## . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Predefined Macros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Including a Header File Only Once . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Including Location Information in Error Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . Removing Source Code in Place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Producing Makefiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Command-Line Options and Environment Variables . . . . . . . . . . . AM FL Y Part II 45 46 46 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 57 58 62 62 63 63 64 Contents xi 4 Compiling C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fundamental Compiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Single Source to Executable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Source File to Object File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Multiple Source Files to Executable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Preprocessing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Generating Assembly Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Creating a Static Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Creating a Shared Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Overriding the Naming Convention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C Language Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Anonymous Unions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arrays of Variable Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arrays of Zero Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Compound Statements Returning a Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conditional Operand Omission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enum Incomplete Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Function Argument Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Function Inlining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Function Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Function Nesting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Function Prototypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Function Return Addresses and Stack Frames . . . . . . . . . . Identifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Integers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Keyword Alternates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Label Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Labels Declared Locally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lvalue Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Macros with Variable Arguments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pointer Arithmetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Switch/Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Typedef Name Creation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Typeof References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Union Casting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 68 69 70 70 71 71 71 73 75 75 76 76 77 78 78 80 86 88 88 88 90 91 91 93 93 94 94 94 95 96 96 97 98 98 99 99 100 101 5 Compiling C++ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fundamental Compiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Single Source File to Executable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 104 104 xii GCC: The Complete Reference Multiple Source Files to Executable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Source File to Object File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Preprocessing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Generating Assembly Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Creating a Static Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Creating a Shared Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Extensions to the C++ Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Header Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Function Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interface and Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operators <? and >? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restrict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Compiler Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mangling Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Linkage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Compiling Template Instantiations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 107 107 108 108 110 113 113 114 114 115 116 117 118 118 119 122 123 6 Compiling Objective-C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fundamental Compiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Single Source to Executable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Compiling an Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Creating a Static Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Creating a Shared Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General Objective-C Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Predefined Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Creating an Interface Declaration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Naming and Mangling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 126 126 127 129 132 133 133 133 135 7 Compiling Fortran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fundamental Compiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Single Source to Executable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Multiple Source Files to Executable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Generating Assembly Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Preprocessing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Creating a Static Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Creating a Shared Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ratfor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GNU Fortran Extensions and Variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intrinsics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Source Code Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 138 138 140 140 141 142 144 144 146 146 146 147 Contents xiii Dollar Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Case Sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Specific Fortran 90 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 147 150 8 Compiling Java . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fundamental Compiling . . . . . . ...."

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